That Is Because They Opposed Allah — Punishment for Enmity Toward Islam
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Level: advanced
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وَمَن يُشَاقِقِ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ شَدِيدُ ٱلۡعِقَابِ
— الأنفال 13
Verse: "That is because they opposed Allah and His Messenger — and whoever opposes Allah and His Messenger, indeed Allah is severe in punishment." (8:13)
Context of Badr: Revealed explaining the killing of polytheists at Badr. "Shaqqu" from shiqaq — placing oneself in a side opposing Allah and His Messenger.
Lesson: Disbelief and enmity toward Islam are two different degrees in the Quran — the difference between one who didn't believe and one who fought against the religion.
Source: Ibn Kathir (4/26); Al-Sadi; Al-Qurtubi (7/376)
Question: What is the difference in the Quran between simple "disbelief" and "shiqaq" (active opposition)?
Answer: Disbelief: not believing. Shiqaq: actively positioning oneself in organized opposition to Allah and His Messenger — which incurs more severe punishment.