Calling the Distant as Near — "O Human Being" — Universal Address

Introduction:
"Ya" is originally for calling the distant, and "ay" for calling the near — but the Quran combined "ya ayyuha" in a uniquely rhetorical address.

"O Human Being" and its types of address:

1. Address to the entire human species: "O human being, what has deceived you concerning your Lord, the Generous?" (82:6) — the addressed: every individual of humanity across history.
2. Absence in the present and presence in the distant: The human is physically near in time and place but addressed with "ya" — signaling his heartfelt absence and spiritual distance from truth despite physical presence.
3. The human in a collective sense: "O human" describes the genus, not the individual — encompasses all who possess humanity at any time.

Address to nature:
"O tranquil soul, return to your Lord" (89:27-28) — address to the soul which does not speak — a style that gives the soul presence, personality, as though it listens and responds.