Madd Al-Badal & Madd Al-Iwad — Definition and Complete Examples
tajweed
Level: intermediate
madd
tj-109
(1) Madd Al-Badal (Substitute Madd):
Hamza precedes a Madd letter in one word. Originally two hamzas — second silenced and replaced by a homogeneous Madd letter.
Duration: 2 counts.
Examples: آدَمَ، آمَنُوا، إِيمَاناً، أُوتِيَ، أُولَئِكَ
Also "شبه بدل" (madd letter after hamza): قُرْآن، الْآن، شَنَآن.
(2) Madd Al-Iwad (Compensation Madd):
Stopping on tanween fath converts the tanween into an Alif of 2 counts.
Condition: Only at waqf (not wasl).
Examples: غَفُوراً رَّحِيماً → "رَّحِيمَا" | عَلِيماً حَكِيماً → "حَكِيمَا" | أَفْوَاجاً → "أَفْوَاجَا"
Exception: No mad on tanween fath of ta marbutah (ـة) — stops as silent ha. Examples: جَنَّةً → "جَنَّهْ"
Source: Matn Al-Jazariyyah | Tuhfat Al-Atfal verses 33-34 | Hidayat Al-Qari (p. 257)
Question: How do you stop on "غَفُوراً" and "رَحْمَةً" at verse end? Why the difference?
Answer: Stop on "غَفُوراً" = "غَفُورَا" with Alif 2 counts (Iwad). Stop on "رَحْمَةً" = "رَحْمَهْ" with silent Ha. Reason: tanween fath converts to Alif except on ta marbutah, where it stops as silent Ha