Intermediate Transactions Surah: Sad (24)

Verse: "Indeed many partners oppress one another, except for those who believe and do righteous deeds." (38:24)

"Al-Khulata" (partners): Those whose assets are intermingled — this verse is cited as evidence for the permissibility of partnership.

Types of partnership in Islamic jurisprudence:

1. Inan partnership: Two parties with equal or unequal capital for trade — most common.
2. Mudarabah (qirad): One party provides capital; the other provides labor and expertise — profit divided by agreed ratio.
3. Body partnership: Partnership in labor not capital — like craftsmen.
4. Wujuh partnership: Based on reputation and standing in markets — without capital.

Origin of mudarabah: The Prophet worked in mudarabah with Khadijah before revelation — and the Quraysh trade caravans were collective mudarabah arrangements. Evidence: Quran, Sunnah, and Companion consensus.

Legal framework: Profit for both parties by agreed ratio — loss borne only by the capital owner — the worker bears no loss except through transgression.

Source: Al-Qurtubi (15/191); Al-Mughni (5/3); Al-Jassas (5/150); Ibn Rushd, Bidayat al-Mujtahid (2/172)

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