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Nun Sakinah is the letter noon (ن) with sukoon, present in both speech and writing, in pausing and continuing. Tanween is an extra suk…

Comparison table of Nun Sakinah rulings: | Ruling | Letters | Ghunnah | Shaddah | |--------|---------|---------|---------| | Izhar | ء…

Madd literally means extension/prolongation. Technically: extending the sound using one of the three Madd letters. Three Madd letters:…

Sifah (characteristic) literally means a quality that exists in something. Technically: a quality a letter has when produced from its mak…

Qalqalah literally means agitation/movement. Technically: vibration of the sound when pronouncing the letter with sukoon, creating a stro…

Waqf literally means stopping/detaining. Technically: cutting the voice at the end of a word for a breath, with the intention to continue…

Makhraj (plural: Makhaarij) means the point of exit — where the letter originates anatomically. Purpose: Knowing the makhraj allows co…

Definition: Complete Stop (Waqf Taam): pausing where the meaning is complete with no grammatical or semantic connection to what follows. …

Definition: Sufficient Stop (Waqf Kaafi): pausing where the meaning is grammatically complete but has a semantic connection to what follo…

Definition: Good Stop (Hasan): Pausing where the meaning is conveyed, even if grammatically connected to what follows — restarting from…

Definition: Voluntary Restart (Ikhtiyari): Starting recitation from a chosen position — either at the beginning, or after a Taam or Kaa…

Definition: Sakt: a brief pause (without breathing) on a letter, then continuing. This is one of the unique features of Hafs's narration …

Definition: Major Assimilation (Idgham Kabeer): merging a voweled letter into an identical or similar voweled letter following it. Called…

Definition: Minor Assimilation (Idgham Sagheer): merging a sukoon (non-voweled) letter into the following voweled letter in the next word…

Definition: Labial Concealment (Ikhfa Shafawi): concealing the Meem Saakinah before the letter Ba, while maintaining the nasal resonance …

Definition: The word "Allah" has two forms: emphasis (Tafkhim/Takhleez) or thinning (Tarqeeq), determined by the vowel that precedes it. …

Definition: Letters of elevation (Huroof Al-Isti'la): seven letters pronounced with heaviness because the tongue rises toward the upper p…

Definition: Tarqeeq of Ra: pronouncing Ra without raising the tongue — no heaviness or emphasis is heard. Ra can be thin, heavy, or dispu…

Definition: Tafkhim of Ra: pronouncing Ra with heaviness, tongue raised toward the upper palate. The default for Ra is Tafkhim unless a c…

Definition: Solar Lam (Shamsiyya): the Lam of "Al" (the definite article) that assimilates into the following letter and is not pronounce…

Definition: Hamzat Al-Qat'a (Cutting Hamza): A Hamza always pronounced — whether starting speech or continuing. Written with Hamza sign…

Definition: Stopping at verse endings: pausing at the end of each verse (ayah marker) even when the meaning flows into the next verse. …

Definition: Nabr (stress) linguistically means elevation or raising. Technically, it refers to raising the voice on a syllable beyond wha…

Definition: Quranic recitation has three recognized modes, all permissible as long as they do not violate the rights of each letter: 1…

Definition: Al-Mutashaabih Al-Lafzhi refers to verses or phrases that are similar in sound or structure to other verses, potentially caus…

Definition: Al-Madd Al-Laazim Al-Kalimi Al-Muthaqal is when a madd or leen letter is followed by a doubled (shaddah) letter within the sa…

Definition: Al-Madd Al-Laazim Al-Kalimi Al-Mukhaffaf is when a madd letter is followed by a genuinely sukoon letter (no shaddah) within t…

Definition: Madd Al-Leen is the extension of the two leen letters (sukoon waaw and sukoon yaa, each preceded by a fatha) when followed by…

Definition: Al-Madd Al-Aarid Lil-Sukoon is when a madd letter is followed by a letter that is originally voweled but becomes silent (suko…

Definition of Inherent Attributes: These are the intrinsic, permanent qualities of each letter that remain constant in all conditions — w…

Definition of Incidental Attributes: These are qualities that arise from a letter's position or neighboring context, affecting whether it…

Definition: Ghunna is a resonant nasal sound that emerges from the nasal passage (khayshoom), with no involvement of the tongue. It is an…

Definition of Pausing Modes: When pausing on a word-final voweled letter, three options exist: 1. Sukoon (Full Stop): The final vowe…

Definition: Qalqala literally means vibration or agitation. Technically, it is the vibration of the articulation point when pronouncing a…

Definition: Al-Jawf (the cavity) is the internal empty space of the mouth and throat combined. It is not a specific point but an extended…

Definition: The throat (halq) is the passage extending between the larynx and the mouth. It has three subdivisions, each producing two of…

Definition: The seven elevated (Isti'la) letters (خ ص ض غ ط ق ظ) are always pronounced with heaviness (tafkheem) in every condition — whe…

Definition of Imala: Linguistically: inclination. Technically: pronouncing the alif or fatha with a lean toward the yaa and kasra. It con…

Definition of Tasheel: Technically: pronouncing the second of two consecutive hamzas with a sound between a full hamza and the long vowel…

Definition of Ibdal: Ibdal: converting a sukoon hamza into a long vowel matching the movement of the letter before it. If preceded by fat…

Definition of Shaddah: The shaddah sign indicates doubling of a letter: merging two identical letters, the first with sukoon and the seco…

Definition of Pronoun Haa: The pronoun haa refers to the third-person masculine singular (he) in words like "minhu," "bihi," and "alayhi.…

Definition of Separated and Joined: Maqtoo (separated): written in the Mushaf as two separate words even though pronounced as one — like …

The Issue of "Al-Dhaf" / "Al-Dhuf": In Surah Al-Rum (verses 54) the word appears three times. Hafs has two readings: "Al-Dhaf" with fatha…

Types of Stopping (Brief): Stopping divides into: Taam (preferred), Kaafi (permissible), Hasan (permissible with care), and Qabeeh (imper…

Definition of Ghunna: Ghunna: a nasal sound coming from the nasal cavity — not the mouth — that accompanies noon and meem in specific con…

Origin of the Issue: Baa is an Istifaal (non-elevated) letter and is by default lightly pronounced — but scholars of Tajweed discussed th…

Homorganic Letters (Mutajaanisaan): Two letters sharing the same articulation point but differing in attributes. Example: daal, taa, and …

The Issue: Neither "nastaeen" nor "narham" has a final noon that drops — the verb ends with dhamma or another letter. This card addresses…

Definition of "Al": "Al" is the definite article in Arabic and the Quran. It consists of a connecting alif + laam. Solar Letters (14 l…

Subject: After finishing a surah and starting another (other than Al-Tawbah) — how does the reader handle "Bismillah Al-Rahman Al-Raheem"…

Definition of Idhhar: Idhhar: pronouncing the letter clearly from its articulation point without merging, hiding, or conversion. First…

Definition of Hams: Linguistically: a hidden sound. Technically: the flow of breath when pronouncing the letter due to weakness of relian…

Definition of Jahr: Linguistically: appearance and declaration. Technically: the holding back of breath flow when pronouncing the letter …

Key principle: Alif is a dependent letter — it has no inherent tafkheem or tarqeeq of its own. Its heaviness or lightness follows what pr…

Definition of Sakt: Sakt: a momentary pause of the voice without breathing — shorter than waqf and not considered a full stop. The fou…

Definition of Al-Mutamathhilayn: Two identical letters: sharing the same articulation point and attributes — i.e., the same letter repeat…

Definition of Fari Mad: Fari Mad: any extension beyond the natural mad (two counts) due to hamza or sukoon — there are seven main types. …

The phonetic syllable in Arabic: The phonetic syllable is a pronunciation unit beginning with a consonant followed by a vowel. In tajweed…

Definition of Takrir: Takrir: the trembling of the tip of the tongue when pronouncing the letter ra — the possibility of the vibration re…

Definition of Infitah: Infitah: the space between the tongue and the upper palate remains open when pronouncing the letter — the tongue d…

Definition of Istifal: Istifal: the lowering of the tongue to the floor of the mouth when pronouncing the letter — the opposite of istila…

Definition: Linguistically: Beautification and mastery. Technically: A science that teaches giving each letter its rights (essential…

Linguistic definition: "Tajweed" derives from "jawwada" — to perfect and master. "He improved his work" means he brought it to the highest…

Verse: "And recite the Quran with measured recitation." (73:4) Tartil: Reading with deliberate slowness while correcting articulation …

Must tajweed precede memorization? Yes — it is its foundation. Ibn Al-Jazari: "Whoever memorizes the Quran without tajweed has memorized …

The fundamental question: Is tajweed a theoretical system developed after the Quran? Or is it documentation of what already existed? T…

Most problematic areas for students: 1. "Al-Nash'a / Al-Nasha'a" (Al-Ankabut 20): Nafi, Ibn Kathir, and Abu Amr: "nasha'a" with madd …