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Homorganic Letters (Mutajaanisaan): Two letters sharing the same articulation point but differing in attributes. Example: daal, taa, and …

Verse: "Will they not reflect on the Quran? If it had been from other than Allah, they would have found in it much contradiction." (4:82) …

Verse: "And to Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and earth — Allah is ever, of all things, Encompassing." (4:126) Reflection: "…

Verse: "O you who believe, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for Allah, even if against yourselves, parents, or relative…

Verse: "Sufficient is Allah as witness." (4:79) The witness who knows the inner as the outer: Not rewarded based on appearance alone b…

Verse: "And ask Allah of His bounty." (4:32) "Fadlihi" (His bounty) indefinite: Bounty without limit or description — because the defi…

Verse: "Not by your wishes nor the wishes of the People of the Book — whoever does evil will be recompensed for it." (4:123) Context: …

Verse: "Wherever you may be, death will overtake you — even if you are in fortified towers." (4:78) "Fortified towers": The highest pr…

Verse: "Indeed Allah does not wrong anyone by even an atom's weight — and if there is a good deed He multiplies it." (4:40) "An atom's …

Verse: "O people, fear your Lord who created you from one soul." (4:1) — The surah of human rights opens with the principle of common orig…

Verse: "Live with them honorably — if you dislike them, perhaps you dislike something in which Allah has placed great good." (4:19) — "Hon…

Verse: "If you avoid the major sins forbidden to you, We will expiate your minor sins." (4:31) — Glad tidings for those who sometimes weak…

Verse: "Indeed Allah does not forgive associating partners with Him, but He forgives what is less than that for whoever He wills. Whoever …

Verse: "O you who believe — be persistently standing firmly in justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents o…

Verse: "Whoever does evil or wrongs himself, then seeks Allah's forgiveness, will find Allah Forgiving, Merciful." (4:110) — "Whoever" — c…

Verse: "Whoever leaves his home emigrating to Allah and His Messenger and then death overtakes him — his reward has already fallen upon Al…

Verse: "O believers, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. If you dispute about something, refer it to Allah…

Verse: "Do not wish for what Allah has favored some of you over others. For men is a share of what they earn, and for women a share of wha…

Verse: "Allah commands you to render trusts to their rightful owners, and when you judge between people, to judge with justice." (4:58) — …

Verse: "When the relatives, orphans, and poor are present at the distribution, give them something from it and speak to them with kind wor…

Verse: "O you who believe, do not approach prayer while you are intoxicated." (4:43) Occasion (Sahih): Before the final prohibition of…

Verse: "Not equal are those believers who remain — other than those with disabilities — and those who strive." (4:95) Occasion (Agreed …

Verse: "Allah commands you regarding your children — for the male is like the share of two females." (4:11) Occasion (Sahih): The wife…

Verse: "Whoever leaves his home emigrating to Allah and His Messenger, then death overtakes him — his reward has fallen upon Allah." (4:10…

Verse: "O believers, do not approach prayer while you are intoxicated." (4:43) Occasion (Sahih): Ali ibn Abi Talib narrated: Abd Al-Ra…

Verse: "And whoever kills a believer by mistake — the freeing of a believing slave...if he is from a people at war with you and he is a be…

Definition: Associating a partner with Allah in what is exclusive to Him. Major shirk (exits Islam): Directing supplication to other t…

Four sources in order: (1) Quran. (2) Authentic Sunnah. (3) Ijma: scholars' consensus in an era on a ruling. (4) Qiyas: analogizing a new …

Verse: "Indeed prayer has been decreed upon believers at specified times." (4:103) Ruling: Prayer is an individual obligation on every…

Verse: "When you travel the earth, there is no blame on you in shortening prayer if you fear the disbelievers will trouble you." (4:101) …

Verse: "And give the women their dower as a free gift." (4:4) Marriage pillars: Offer and acceptance (formula), guardian (majority pos…

Verse: "For men a share of what parents and relatives leave, and for women a share of what parents and relatives leave." (4:7) Six Qura…

Verse: "Be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives." (4:135)…

Verse: "And your mothers who nursed you, and your sisters from breastfeeding." (4:23) The forbidden by breastfeeding: "What is forbidd…

Verse: "If you fear injustice with orphans, then marry what pleases you of women — two, three, or four." (4:3) True context: Came in t…

Verse: "After any bequest you make or debt." (4:12) Fiqh order of the estate: Funeral and burial expenses → debts → bequest (within th…

Verse: "And married women — except those your right hands possess." (4:24) "Muhsanat" (married women): Marrying a woman with a living …

Verse: "Indeed Allah commands you to render trusts to their rightful owners." (4:58) "Trusts" (amanat): More comprehensive than deposi…

Verse: "Indeed, prayer has been a decreed obligation, at fixed times, upon the believers." (4:103) "Timed obligation": Prescribed with…

Verse: "And for you is half of what your wives leave — if they have no child." (4:12) Husband's inheritance: Half if the wife has no c…

Verse: "Whoever kills a believer intentionally — his recompense is Hell, remaining in it, and Allah has worsened his anger upon him and cu…

Verse: "And live with them properly. If you dislike them — perhaps you dislike a thing and Allah places much good in it." (4:19) — "Living…

Verse: "When you judge between people, judge with justice." (4:58) — A command for judges, rulers, fathers, and teachers — anyone who deci…

Verse: "O believers, obey Allah, obey the Messenger, and those in authority among you." (4:59) — Three-level hierarchy: Allah first + Mess…

Verse: "Whoever kills a believer by mistake — free a believing slave and blood money delivered to his family." (4:92) — Accidental killing…

Verse: "When you travel there is no blame on you in shortening prayer — if you fear the disbelievers will trouble you." (4:101) — Shorteni…

Verse: "When you are among them and lead them in prayer — let a group stand with you bearing their weapons. When they have prostrated, let…

Verse: "O believers, obey Allah, obey the Messenger, and those in authority among you." (4:59) Who are "those in authority"? Some say …

Verse: "Worship Allah and associate nothing with Him, and to parents do good, and to relatives, orphans, the needy, the near neighbor, the…

Verses: "Give the orphans their wealth, and do not exchange the bad for the good." (4:2); "Those who devour the wealth of orphans unjustly…

Verse: "And give the women their dowries as a gift. But if they give up willingly to you anything of it, then take it in satisfaction and …

First: Shortening prayer Verse: "And when you travel through the land, there is no blame on you for shortening the prayer." (4:101) R…

Verse: "Or you have touched women." (4:43 and 5:6) Reading variation: "Lamamastum" (with alif of mutual action) read by Nafi, Ibn Kath…

Quranic evidence: Harun said to Musa: "O son of my mother, do not seize me by my beard or my head" (Ta-Ha 20:94) — some jurists cite this …

The two verses: An-Nisa 4:43: "And if you are ill, or on a journey, or one of you comes from the toilet, or you have been intimate with wo…

Definite (al): Indicates prior knowledge, totality (all of the genus), or generic use. Indefinite: Indicates magnification, belittlemen…

Types of stopping: Al-waqf al-tam: meaning complete, sentence fully ended — good to stop and restart. Al-waqf al-kafi: meaning complet…

The verse: "And fear Allah through Whom you ask one another, and [by/and] the wombs." (An-Nisa: 1) The two readings: "Wal-arha…